The past two decades have seen the application of molecular genetics and its increased insights into immunology, microbiology and genomics applied to vaccinology. Current successes include the development of recombinant hepatitis B vaccines, the less reactogenic acellular pertussis vaccine, and new techniques for seasonal influenza vaccine manufacture.
Molecular genetics sets the scene for a bright future for vaccinology, including the development of new vaccine delivery systems e. DNA vaccines, viral vectors, plant vaccines and topical formulations , new adjuvants, the development of more effective tuberculosis vaccines, and vaccines against cytomegalovirus CMV , herpes simplex virus HSV , respiratory syncytial virus RSV , staphylococcal disease, streptococcal disease, pandemic influenza, shigella, HIV and schistosomiasis among others.
Therapeutic vaccines may also soon be available for allergies, autoimmune diseases and addictions. Skip to main content. Search form. Clinical queries: Education office: A brief history of vaccination.
Home Vaccines Vaccine development A brief history of vaccination A brief history of vaccination. Image:ClipArt etc The practice of immunisation dates back hundreds of years. Edward Jenner , an English doctor, became interested in the idea that previous illness with a disease called cowpox could protect a person from later becoming ill with smallpox. Jenner's biographer claimed that Jenner heard this folk wisdom from a milkmaid: having caught cowpox from a cow, she believed herself, and her smooth skin, safe from smallpox.
Cowpox is an uncommon illness in cattle, usually mild, that can be spread from a cow to humans via sores on the cow. During an infection, dairy workers may have pustules on their hands. Sufferers can spread the infection to other parts of the body. On May 14, , the legendary singer, actor and show-business icon Frank Sinatra dies of a heart attack in Los Angeles, at the age of Sinatra emerged from an Italian-American family in Hoboken, New Jersey, to become the first modern superstar of popular music, with an Sign up now to learn about This Day in History straight from your inbox.
On May 14, , two diesel trains carrying commuters crash head-on, killing 42 people and injuring over more near Shigaraki, Japan. This was the worst rail disaster in Japan since a November Yokohama crash killed people. Shigaraki, a town near Kyoto, is famous for Nurses discovered her missing at a. Two hours later, her body was found with The Soviet Union and seven of its European satellites sign a treaty establishing the Warsaw Pact, a mutual defense organization that put the Soviets in command of the armed forces of the member states.
The Warsaw Pact, so named because the treaty was signed in Warsaw, included On May 14, , delegates to the Constitutional Convention begin to assemble in Philadelphia to confront a daunting task: the peaceful overthrow of the new American government as defined by the Article of Confederation. Although the convention was originally supposed to begin on
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