By , Justice Marshall was the only remaining appointee of President Johnson and the s marked the beginning of his legal battles against conservatives that followed him throughout his remaining years on the Court. Two landmark cases in which his personal convictions led him to fight vigorously for what he believed was right involved abortion and the death penalty:.
Roe v. Wade and Doe v. Bolton in were landmark cases revolving around Texas and Georgia statutes restricting abortions. Furman v. Georgia in prompted Justice Marshall to become the leader of the justices who were opposed to the death penalty. He argued that the death penalty was applied inconsistently to different defendants and often was only applied to minorities and the indigent.
Over the years, as more conservative justices were appointed to the High Court, justices such as Justice Marshall and his ally Justice William Brennan, slowly became the minority. In the case San Antonio School District v. In a dissenting opinion, Justice Marshall argued that the right to an education should be regarded as a fundamental constitutional right and when state policies have the effect of discriminating on the basis of wealth, the policies should be subject to judicial scrutiny.
In , black parents sued after the Detroit courts would not approve their request that the black urban school district and the white suburban school districts be merged to promote integration. After the parents won in the lower courts and appeals court, the Supreme Court reversed the rulings. Justice Marshall wrote an extremely strong dissenting opinion citing Brown v.
When the High Court heard another death penalty case, there was a vote to reinstate capital punishment in , bitterly disappointing him. Two days after reading his dissent to the majority opinion on the death penalty, Justice Marshall suffered his first heart attack while at home in his Fairfax County, Virginia. Over the next three days, he suffered two more heart attacks while hospitalized, marking the beginning his year struggle with maintaining the rigors of serving on the conservative majority Supreme Court amid his deteriorating health.
Over the next five years, Justice Marshall faced tremendous pressure as new cases that went to the heart of his lifelong efforts on civil rights erupted and came before the Court, including a new cases on abortion, affirmative action and contracts for minority businesses.
Bakke asserted that the university had violated his Fourteenth Amendment rights when 16 minority students with lower grades than he had been admitted to the medical school, while he had been denied. The case was long and particularly divisive, ending a majority voting against the university, which was a great disappointment to Justice Marshall.
He cited the history of government-approved racial discrimination and the need for the government to remedy it. Throughout the s, Justice Marshall continued to argue strategically and vigorously in cases that asserted a more expansive focus on civil rights in areas such as the homeless, the indigent and prisoners with mental problems.
He saw some major victories such as two cases involving the death penalty for mentally ill inmates being overturned. In those cases in which his arguments did not prevail, Justice Marshall continued his track record of strongly worded dissents. He wrote dissents in every death penalty case and every case in which black defendants charged that prosecutors used race as a basis for not allowing black jurors.
A case gave Justice Marshall a tremendously satisfying victory when in a ruling, the justices held that black jurors could not be excluded simply because the defendant was also black. In June , he officially announced its retirement but continued to serve the law until his health prevented him from leaving his home. Thurgood Marshall had given his life to the crusade for civil rights and justice for all, leaving an indelible imprint on history and on the lives of future generations of Americans.
Marshall was born to Norma A. Marshall and William Canfield on July 2, His parents were mulatottes, which are people classified as being at least half white. This passion for anti-segregation and education clearly transcended to Thurgood Marshall, Sr. Norma Marshall was an educator who taught elementary school. Norma became pregnant just prior to her graduation; however, she later completed her degree and William was in full support of her becoming a college graduate.
In , Thurgood Marshall, Jr. Presently, Marshall Jr. Marshall, Jr. He earned baccalaureate and juris doctor degrees from the University of Virginia. Eight months after his wedding, Thurgood Marshall, Jr. A few years after the birth of Marshall, Jr. In July , John W. Marshall was born. Martin Luther King, Jr. Currently, John W. Secretary Marshall was first appointed under Governor Mark Warner in and re-appointed in January Thurgood Marshall, Jr.
Thurgood Marshall Jr. He provides guidance regarding ethics compliance and corporate governance and has developed legislative and regulatory strategies for clients involved in corporate mergers, professional and amateur sports, commercial aviation, utility and banking regulation, pharmaceuticals, and legal process reforms.
He has also represented numerous witnesses involved in congressional investigations. Thurgood's professional background includes service in each branch of the federal government and in the private sector. Prior to joining the firm, he was a member of the White House senior staff in the Clinton Administration, holding the position of assistant to the president and cabinet secretary from to In that position, he was the liaison between the president and the executive branch agencies.
He served on the president's Management Council and was a senior member of the Continuity in Government team and directed the White House responses to natural disasters and transportation emergencies, including commercial aircraft crashes. In that capacity, he coordinated the involvement of the federal government in the preparations for the Salt Lake Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games.
Prior to his appointment as cabinet secretary, Thurgood was director of legislative affairs and deputy counsel to Vice President Al Gore. He managed all of the vice president's legislative activities, held a position on the Senate leadership staff and played a leading role on a wide range of legislative priorities throughout the first term of the Clinton administration. He worked extensively on legislative initiatives ranging from antitrust, criminal procedure, corporate crime, insurance, intellectual property and telecommunications, to consumer protection, transportation safety and product liability.
Thurgood began his legal career as a law clerk to U. District Judge Barrington D. Parker of the U. District Court for the District of Columbia. Secretary of Public Safety John W. On January 15, , Governor Timothy M.
Kaine appointed John W. Marshall to the position of Secretary of Public Safety. Warner in January John Marshall began his career in public service and law enforcement in as a Virginia State Trooper. In , President William J.
Upon confirmation by the U. Eventually, they hoped, segregation of all types would crumble under its own impracticability. Over the years, Marshall became the face of civil rights litigation. He argued 32 cases before the Supreme Court, winning 29 of them, and participated in hundreds of other cases in lower courts nationwide. In the process, he traveled between 50, and 75, miles a year, crisscrossing the nation to oversee as many as cases at a time.
In the early s, Marshall served as lead attorney in what turned out to be the most momentous civil rights lawsuit of the era, Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. The landmark case combined five NAACP-sponsored complaints from across the country, all filed by parents of Black children who had been forced to attend segregated schools. Marshall had been chipping away at the legal basis of segregation in secondary education for years.
To uphold school segregation would be tantamount to keeping Black people in near-slavery, Marshall said in oral arguments.
Marshall and his colleagues fought battle after battle as states defied the new law of the land—closing entire public school systems, creating charter schools, and even rioting rather than allow Black students to attend alongside white ones. In , he got the chance for a change when President John F. Court of Appeals. Marshall faced harsh opposition from Southern senators furious about his legal activism for civil rights.
At one hearing , South Carolina Senator Olin Johnston argued that Marshall was unqualified to preside over the general business of a courtroom because of his focus on civil rights. Kennedy managed to name Marshall to the position through a recess appointment, which the Senate confirmed the following year.
Then, in , President Lyndon B. Johnson named Marshall the first Black solicitor general, designated to represent the federal government in Supreme Court cases. Though Marshall regularly appeared before the Supreme Court, no Black man, and no person of color, had ever been nominated to serve as a justice. Johnson was eager to change that—and cement his civil rights legacy after having signed both the Civil Rights Act of and the Voting Rights Act of into law.
On June 13, , Johnson nominated Marshall to the U. Why the Supreme Court has only nine justices. Over the years, Marshall continued to champion the equal protections he had insisted on as a civil rights lawyer, supporting individual rights and affirmative action.
Among the most important majority opinions he authored were Stanley v. Georgia in , a First Amendment case that decriminalized possessing pornographic materials, and Bounds v.
Smith in , which ruled that state prisons should provide law libraries or legal assistance to prisoners. Marshall ardently opposed capital punishment, helping strike down the death penalty in Furman v. Georgia in But an increasingly conservative Supreme Court reinstated capital punishment in , a decision Marshall fought for the remainder of his time on the Supreme Court.
Although Marshall joined the Supreme Court as part of a liberal majority under Chief Justice Earl Warren, the Court had changed by the time he had gained the seniority to write significant opinions.
In his dissent to Regents of the University of California v. He argued 32 cases before the U. Supreme Court, winning Some of his notable cases include:. Marshall's most famous case was the landmark Brown v. Board of Education case in which Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren noted, "in the field of public education, the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place.
Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. Marshall's civil rights litigation work continues to this day. President John F. Kennedy nominated Marshall to the U.
Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in Four years later, President Lyndon B. Johnson named Marshall U. Senate and joined the U.
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